Dual-mode pixels including emissive and reflective devices, and dual-mode display using the pixels

ABSTRACT

A dual-mode display including a substrate and a multiple sub-pixels on the substrate, in which each sub-pixel includes, a color selection reflector, and an optical shutter disposed on the color selection reflector, and an emissive devised disposed on the shutter, wherein the emissive device includes a cathode and an anode, and the cathode and the anode include a carbon-based material including graphene sheets, graphene flakes, and graphene platelets, and a binary or ternary transparent conductive oxide including indium oxide, tin oxide, and zinc oxide.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a first divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/335,154,filed Jul. 18, 2014, and now allowed on Aug. 5, 2015, which claimspriority under 35 U.S.C. §119 of Korean Patent Application No.10-2013-0148556, filed on Dec. 2, 2013, the entire contents of which arehereby incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND

The present invention disclosed herein relates to dual-mode pixelsincluding emissive device and reflective device, and dual-mode displaysusing the dual-mode pixels, and more particularly, to dual-mode pixelsincluding emissive device and reflective device which have more improvedcolor reproducibility, and dual-mode displays using the dual-modepixels.

Typical display techniques may be broadly classified as a transmissivedisplay, an emissive display, and a reflective display. A typicalexample of the transmissive display may be a thin film transistor liquidcrystal display (TFT-LCD). Since TFT-LCDs have excellent picturequality, the TFT-LCDs are used in TVs, monitors, and mobile phones, andcurrently lead the display market. However, TFT-LCDs may have high powerconsumption and may not be flexible.

Typical examples of the emissive display may be an organiclight-emitting display (OLED) and a plasma display panel (PDP). Since apixel itself may emit light in the emissive display, the emissivedisplay may have a fast response speed and a high contrast ratio, andmay have better color reproducibility than LCDs. Also, since ultra-thinOLEDs may be manufactured, OLEDs are used in a flexible display or atransparent display.

The reflective display may include an electrophoretic display, anelectrowetting display, a photonic crystal display, and amicroelectromechanical system. The reflective display may be operated byreflecting external light such as sunlight and lighting. Therefore, thereflective display may generate a clearer picture as the surroundingsbecome brighter, and since it is operated by the external light, itspower consumption may be low. However, the reflective display may havepoorer picture quality than the transmissive display and the emissivedisplay.

The transmissive display and the emissive display may have clear picturequality indoors or in dark places. However, the transmissive display andthe emissive display may have poor visibility outdoors or in brightplaces. Therefore, research has been conducted on displays which mayprovide clear images both indoors and outdoors, and may have low energyconsumption.

SUMMARY

The present invention provides a dual-mode pixel including emissivedevice and reflective device which has more improved colorreproducibility and a dual-mode display using the dual-mode pixel.

The object of the present invention is not limited to the aforesaid, butother objects not described herein will be clearly understood by thoseskilled in the art from descriptions below.

Embodiments of the present invention provide dual-mode displaysincluding: a substrate; and a plurality of sub-pixels on the substrate,wherein each sub-pixel includes an emissive device; a color selectionreflector disposed on one side of the emissive device; and an opticalshutter disposed on another side of the emissive device, wherein theemissive device includes a cathode and an anode, and the cathode and theanode include a carbon-based material including graphene sheets,graphene flakes, and graphene platelets, and a binary or ternarytransparent conductive oxide including indium oxide, tin oxide, and zincoxide.

In some embodiments, the emissive device may be an organiclight-emitting device.

In other embodiments, the color selection reflector may be a Fabry-Pérotoptical filter, a photonic crystal optical filter, an absorptive opticalfilter, or a transmissive optical filter including a reflector.

In still other embodiments, the optical shutter may be operated in anelectrophoretic mode, an electrowetting mode, an electrochromic mode, ora liquid crystal mode.

In even other embodiments, the emissive device may emit light from bothsides thereof.

In yet other embodiments, the color selection reflector may reflectlight of the emissive device that is emitted in a direction of the colorselection reflector.

In further embodiments, the dual-mode display may further include a thinfilm transistor between the substrate and the sub-pixels.

In still further embodiments, the dual-mode display may further includea thin film transistor between the emissive device and the opticalshutter.

In other embodiments of the present invention, dual-mode displaysinclude: a substrate; and a plurality of sub-pixels on the substrate,wherein each sub-pixel includes a color selection reflector; an opticalshutter disposed on the color selection reflector; and an emissivedevice disposed on the optical shutter, wherein the emissive deviceincludes a cathode and an anode, and the cathode and the anode include acarbon-based material including graphene sheets, graphene flakes, andgraphene platelets, and a binary or ternary transparent conductive oxideincluding indium oxide, tin oxide, and zinc oxide.

In some embodiments, the emissive device may be an organiclight-emitting device.

In other embodiments, the color selection reflector may be a Fabry-Pérotoptical filter, a photonic crystal optical filter, an absorptive opticalfilter, or a transmissive optical filter including a reflector.

In still other embodiments, the optical shutter may be operated in anelectrophoretic mode, an electrowetting mode, an electrochromic mode, ora liquid crystal mode.

In still other embodiments of the present invention, dual-mode displaysinclude: a substrate; and a plurality of sub-pixels on the substrate,wherein the plurality of sub-pixels include a reflective device havingan optical filter function which reflects different colors according toelectrical signals applied from outside; and an emissive device disposedon the reflective device, wherein the emissive device includes a cathodeand an anode, and the cathode and the anode include a carbon-basedmaterial including graphene sheets, graphene flakes, and grapheneplatelets, and a binary or ternary transparent conductive oxideincluding indium oxide, tin oxide, and zinc oxide.

In some embodiments, the emissive device may be an organiclight-emitting device.

In other embodiments, the emissive device may emit light from both sidesthereof.

In still other embodiments, the reflective device may reflect light ofthe emissive device that is emitted in a direction of the reflectivedevice.

In even other embodiments, the reflective device may be amicroelectromechanical system (MEMS)-based reflective device, anelectrowetting device, or an electrochromic device.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings are included to provide a furtherunderstanding of the present invention, and are incorporated in andconstitute a part of this specification. The drawings illustrateexemplary embodiments of the present invention and, together with thedescription, serve to explain principles of the present invention. Inthe drawings:

FIG. 1 is a plan view illustrating a dual-mode display includingdual-mode pixels according to embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a dual-mode pixelincluding an emissive device and a reflective device according toEmbodiment 1 of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a dual-mode pixelincluding an emissive device and a reflective device according toEmbodiment 2 of the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a dual-mode pixelincluding an emissive device and a reflective device according toEmbodiment 3 of the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a dual-mode pixelincluding an emissive device and a reflective device according toEmbodiment 4 of the present invention;

FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a dry transfer process ofa graphene cathode according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 7 is a graph illustrating transmittance spectra of an organiclight-emitting device having a silver cathode and an organiclight-emitting device having a graphene cathode in a visible lightregion according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 8 is a graph illustrating reflectance spectra of an organiclight-emitting device having a silver cathode and an organiclight-emitting device having a graphene cathode in a visible lightregion according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 9 is a graph illustrating reflectance spectra in a visible lightwavelength range of a dual-mode display which includes a reflectivedevice and an emissive device including a silver cathode that is stackedon the reflective device according to an embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIG. 10 is a graph illustrating reflectance spectra in a visible lightwavelength range of a dual-mode display which includes a reflectivedevice and an emissive device including a graphene cathode that isstacked on the reflective device according to an embodiment of thepresent invention;

FIG. 11 is a graph illustrating a National Television StandardsCommittee (NTSC) color coordinate;

FIG. 12 is a graph illustrating color coordinates of blue, green, andred dual-mode displays including a reflective device and an emissivedevice including a silver cathode that is stacked on the reflectivedevice; and

FIG. 13 is a graph illustrating color coordinates of blue, green, andred dual-mode displays including a reflective device and an emissivedevice including a graphene cathode that is stacked on the reflectivedevice according to an embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

Advantages and features of the present invention, and implementationmethods thereof will be clarified through following embodimentsdescribed with reference to the accompanying drawings. The presentinvention may, however, be embodied in different forms and should not beconstrued as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, theseembodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough andcomplete, and will fully convey the scope of the present invention tothose skilled in the art. Further, the present invention is only definedby scopes of claims. Like reference numerals denote like elementsthroughout the specification.

In the following description, the technical terms are used only forexplaining specific embodiments while not limiting the presentinvention. The terms of a singular form may include plural forms unlessreferred to the contrary. It will be further understood that the terms“comprises” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification,specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations,elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence oraddition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations,elements, components, and/or groups thereof.

Additionally, the embodiment in the detailed description will bedescribed with sectional views as ideal exemplary views of the presentinvention. In the figures, the dimensions of layers and regions areexaggerated for clarity of illustration. Accordingly, shapes of theexemplary views may be modified according to manufacturing techniquesand/or allowable errors. Therefore, the embodiments of the presentinvention are not limited to the specific shape illustrated in theexemplary views, but may include other shapes that may be createdaccording to manufacturing processes. For example, an etched regionillustrated as a rectangle may have rounded or curved features. Areasexemplified in the drawings have general properties, and are used toillustrate a specific shape of a device region. Thus, this should not beconstrued as limited to the scope of the present invention.

FIG. 1 is a plan view illustrating a dual-mode display includingdual-mode pixels according to embodiments of the present invention.

Referring to FIG. 1, a dual-mode display 1000 includes a plurality ofsub-pixels 100, 200, and 300 that are disposed on a substrate 1. Each ofthe sub-pixels 100, 200, and 300 may be configured to display red,green, or blue. A red colored sub-pixel, a green colored sub-pixel, anda blue colored sub-pixel may be defined as a single pixel P. A whitecolored sub-pixel may be further included in the pixel. The dual-modedisplay 1000 may realize still images and videos by simultaneouslydriving the sub-pixels 100, 200, and 300.

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a dual-mode pixelincluding an emissive device and a reflective device according toEmbodiment 1 of the present invention. FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional viewillustrating a dual-mode pixel including an emissive device and areflective device according to Embodiment 2 of the present invention.

Referring to FIG. 2, the sub-pixel 100 includes an emissive device 30and a reflective device 60. Specifically, a color selection reflector 20may be disposed on one side of the emissive device 30, and an opticalshutter 40 may be disposed on the other side of the emissive device 30.The reflective device 60 may include the color selection reflector 20and the optical shutter 40. The sub-pixel 100 may further include a thinfilm transistor 10. The thin film transistor 10 may be disposed betweenthe substrate 1 and the color selection reflector 20. The thin filmtransistor 10 may be transparent or opaque. The thin film transistor 10may play a role to control and/or switch electrical signals of theemissive device 30 and the optical shutter 40.

The color selection reflector 20, the emissive device 30, and theoptical shutter 40 may be vertically stacked on a single substrate toform the sub-pixels 100, 200, and 300. Alternatively, the colorselection reflector 20, the emissive device 30, and the optical shutter40 may be formed on different substrates and may then be verticallystacked on a single substrate to form the sub-pixels 100, 200, and 300.The substrate 1 may be a flexible substrate. The flexible substrate, forexample, may be a plastic, thin glass, or metal substrate.

The color selection reflector 20 may be a Fabry-Pérot optical filter, aphotonic crystal optical filter, an absorptive optical filter, or atransmissive optical filter including a reflector.

The Fabry-Pérot optical filter has a structure in which a cavity formedof a dielectric material is inserted between metal layers having highreflectance. Among the light incident on the Fabry-Pérot optical filter,light in a specific wavelength range is reflected and light in theremaining wavelength range is transmitted by a multiple interferencephenomenon of the cavity. The Fabry-Pérot optical filter may include asilver (Ag) film, a silicon (SiO₂) film, a tungsten (W) film, and asilicon oxide (SiO₂) film that are sequentially stacked on a substrate.

The photonic crystal optical filter controls the reflection orabsorption of light having a specific wavelength that is incident fromthe outside by using a nanostructure having a size smaller than thelight in a specific wavelength range, and thus, the photonic crystaloptical filter may transmit light having a desired wavelength and mayreflect light having the remaining wavelength.

The absorptive optical filter reflects light having a color to bedisplayed and absorbs other lights having unwanted colors.

In the transmissive optical filter including a reflector, light in aspecific wavelength among the incident light is transmitted through thetransmissive optical filter to be reflected by the reflector.

The emissive device 30 may be an organic light-emitting device. Theemissive device 30 is not limited to the organic light-emitting device,and any emissive device may be used so long as it is flexible and may beused to fabricate a display. The emissive device 30 may emit specificcolored light from both sides thereof.

The emissive device 30 may include an anode 32, an organic layer 34, anda cathode 36 that are sequentially stacked on the color selectionreflector 20. The organic layer 34 may include a hole injection layer, ahole transport layer, an emission layer, an electron transport layer,and an electron injection layer.

The anode 32 and the cathode 36 may include a material having lowreflectance and high transmittance. The anode 32 and the cathode 36, forexample, may be a carbon-based material including graphene sheets,graphene flakes, and graphene platelets, and a binary or ternarytransparent conductive oxide including indium oxide, tin oxide, and zincoxide. The emissive device 30 may emit light in both directions.

The optical shutter 40 may be operated in an electrophoretic mode, anelectrowetting mode, an electrochromic mode, or a liquid crystal mode.The optical shutter 40 may transmit or block external light and lightformed in the emissive device 30.

Electrophoresis is a phenomenon in which charged particles in a state ofbeing dispersed in a fluid are moved by an electric field. In theelectrophoretic mode, the particles may function as an optical shutterusing the electrophoresis by being adsorbed or non-adsorbed on thesurface of an electrode according to whether or not a voltage is appliedto the electrode. The electrophoretic mode may have an optical switchingspeed of about 1 second (sec).

Electrowetting is a phenomenon in which a conductive fluid having apolar group and high transmittance and a colored non-polar oil are movedby an electric field. In the electrowetting mode, the colored non-polaroil may function as an optical shutter by shrinking or not shrinking inone direction according to whether or not a voltage is applied betweenthe electrodes. The electrowetting mode may have an optical switchingspeed of about 10 milliseconds (msecs).

Electrochromic is a phenomenon in which reversible changes of opticalproperties are electrochemically performed by an oxidation or reductionprocess. The electrochromic mode may have an optical switching speed ofabout 100 msecs.

The liquid crystal mode uses a property in which a screen becomestransparent or blackened according to the fact that the orientation ofliquid crystals is changed when a voltage is applied to the liquidcrystals having a dye mixed therein. The liquid crystal mode may have anoptical switching speed of a few msecs.

When the optical shutter 40 is opened and the emissive device 30 isoperated, light formed in the emissive device 30 may be emitted to theoutside through the optical shutter 40.

A portion of the light oriented in a direction of the color selectionreflector 20 among the light formed in the emissive device 30 may bereflected by or transmitted through the color selection reflector 20.The color selection reflector 20 may be configured to have differentreflectances according to the thickness of the color selection reflector20 and the wavelength of the portion of the light. In order for theportion of the light formed in the emissive device 30 to be reflected bythe color selection reflector 20, the color selection reflector 20 maybe controlled to reflect a wavelength range of the portion of the light.

When the optical shutter 40 is opened and the emissive device 30 is notoperated, external light may be reflected by or transmitted through thecolor selection reflector 20 by passing through the optical shutter 40and the emissive device 30. The sub-pixels 100 may be operated by thelight reflected by the color selection reflector 20.

When the optical shutter 40 is closed, since the optical shutter 40blocks the light of the emissive device 30 even in the case in which theemissive device 30 is operated, the sub-pixel 100 may be configured todisplay black.

When the emissive device 30, the color selection reflector 20, and theoptical shutter 40 are integrated into the single sub-pixel 100, theemissive device 30 may not be operated but the sub-pixel 100 may beoperated by using the color selection reflector 20 in bright places oroutdoors, and the emissive device 30 may be operated in dark places orindoors. As a result, the dual-mode display 1000 may provide moreimproved picture quality regardless of external environment.

Referring to FIG. 3, in the sub-pixel 100 according to Embodiment 2 ofthe present invention, the thin film transistor 10 may be disposedbetween the emissive device 30 and the optical shutter 40. The thin filmtransistor 10 may be a transparent thin film transistor. The emissivedevice 30 may be disposed between the color selection reflector 20 andthe thin film transistor 10, and may include the cathode 36, the organiclayer 34, and the anode 32 which are sequentially stacked on the colorselection reflector 20.

According to a driving method of the dual-mode display, a hightransmissive and low reflective electrode material may be used for theanode 32 and the cathode 36 of the emissive device 30 in order toeffectively emit the light generated by the emissive device 30 and thelight reflected by the color selection reflector 20 outside thesub-pixels 100. According to an embodiment of the present invention, agraphene electrode or a transparent conductive electrode may be used asthe anode 32 and the cathode 36 of the emissive device 30 so that colorreproducibility and luminous efficiency of the dual-mode display 1000may be improved.

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a dual-mode pixelincluding an emissive device and a reflective device according toEmbodiment 3 of the present invention.

Referring to FIG. 4, the sub-pixel 200 may include the reflective device60 and the emissive device 30 which are stacked on the substrate 1. Thethin film transistor 10 may be disposed between the substrate 1 and thereflective device 60. The reflective device 60 may include the colorselection reflector 20 and the optical shutter 40 which are sequentiallystacked on the thin film transistor 10.

The anode 32 and the cathode 36 of the emissive device 30 may include amaterial having low reflectance and high transmittance. For example, thematerial may be a carbon-based material including graphene sheets,graphene flakes, and graphene platelets, and a binary or ternarytransparent conductive oxide including indium oxide, tin oxide, and zincoxide. The emissive device 30 may emit light from both sides thereof.

When the optical shutter 40 is closed and the emissive device 30 isoperated, most of light emitted from the emissive device 30 may beemitted to the outside. However, a portion of the light emitted in adirection of the optical shutter 40 may not reach the color selectionreflector 20 due to the optical shutter 40 and thus, the portion of thelight may not be emitted to the outside.

When the optical shutter 40 is opened and the emissive device 30 isoperated, most of the light emitted from the emissive device 30 may bedirectly emitted to the outside, and the portion of the light emitted inthe direction of the optical shutter 40 may be emitted to the outside bypenetrating the optical shutter 40 and the emissive device 30 afterbeing reflected by the color selection reflector 20. As a result, thelight formed on the both sides of the emissive device 30 may be emittedto the outside.

When the optical shutter 40 is opened and the emissive device 30 is notoperated, external light is incident on the sub-pixel 200 and theincident external light may sequentially pass the emissive device 30 andthe optical shutter 40 to transmit through or be reflected by the colorselection reflector 20. The sub-pixel 200 may be operated by the lightthat is reflected by the color selection reflector 20.

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a dual-mode pixelincluding an emissive device and a reflective device according toEmbodiment 4 of the present invention.

Referring to FIG. 5, the sub-pixel 300 may include a reflective device70 and an emissive device 30 which are stacked on the substrate 1. Thethin film transistor 10 may be disposed between the substrate 1 and thereflective device 70.

The reflective device 70 may have an optical filter function whichreflects different colors according to electric signals that are appliedto the reflective device 70. For example, the color reflected by thereflective device 70 when a voltage is applied to the reflective device70 may be different from the color reflected by the reflective device 70when a voltage is not applied to the reflective device 70. Thereflective device 70 may be a microelectromechanical system (MEMS)-basedreflective device, an electrowetting device, or an electrochromicdevice.

The MEMS-based reflective device may be a Fabry-Pérot optical filter.The Fabry-Pérot optical filter may include two metal substrates and adielectric substrate disposed between the metal substrates. Thedielectric substrate may be in contact with one of the metal substrates,and may be disposed and spaced apart from the other metal substrate. Aspacing between the metal substrates may be changed according to anelectric signal applied to the MEMS-based reflective device. Since thespacing between the metal substrates may be changed, the dielectricsubstrate may be in contact with the metal substrate that is spacedapart therefrom. A switching speed of the MEMS-based reflective devicemay be about a few tens of msec.

The color reflected by the MEMS-based reflective device may be changedaccording to the spacing between the metal substrates. For example, whena voltage is applied to the MEMS-based reflective device, the colorreflected according to the spacing between the metal substrates may beany one of red, blue, green, and white. When a voltage is not applied tothe MEMS-based reflective device, the color reflected according to thespacing between the metal substrates may be black.

The metal substrates may include any one element of Ag, aluminum (Al),gold (Au), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and W. Thedielectric substrate may be formed of a transparent dielectric material.The dielectric substrate, for example, may be a silicon dioxide (SiO₂)substrate or a titanium dioxide (TiO₂) substrate.

The electrowetting device may include two substrates and anelectrowetting element which reversibly controls the transmission andreflection of the external light by an electric field between thesubstrates. The electrowetting device may include a colorless conductivefluid having a polar group and high transmittance and a colorednon-polar oil. A switching speed of the electrowetting device may beabout 10 msecs or less.

The driving principle of the electrowetting device is as follows: Avoltage is applied to two electrode sheets that are disposed on thesubstrates and face to each other. An electric field is formed betweenthe two substrates by the applied voltage and the colorless fluid havingconductivity may be formed on surfaces of the substrates due to theelectric filed. Therefore, the electrowetting device may be configuredto display white. Alternatively, when a voltage is not applied to thetwo electrodes, the colored non-polar oil may be formed on the surfacesof the substrates. Therefore, since the external light is reflected bythe colored non-polar oil, the electrowetting device may appear thecolor of the non-polar oil.

The electrochromic device is a display device which controls the colorof an electrochromic material by controlling a chemical reaction byapplying an electric signal. A switching speed of the electrochromicdevice may be about 100 msecs.

The driving principle of the electrochromic device is as follows: Twoelectrodes facing each other are included between the transparentsubstrates that are spaced apart from each other. An electrochromiclayer, an electrolyte layer, and an ion storage may be sequentiallydisposed between the two electrodes. When a current flows from theelectrochromic layer to the ion storage by the application of a voltagebetween the electrodes, the electrochromic layer may be colored, andwhen the current flows in an opposite direction, the electrochromiclayer may be decolorized.

The emissive device 30 may be an organic light-emitting device. Theanode 32 and the cathode 36 of the emissive device 30 may include amaterial having low reflectance and high transmittance. For example, thematerial may be a carbon-based material including graphene sheets,graphene flakes, and graphene platelets, and a binary or ternarytransparent conductive oxide including indium oxide, tin oxide, and zincoxide. The emissive device 30 is not limited to the organiclight-emitting device, and any emissive device may be used so long as itis flexible and may be used to fabricate a display. The emissive device30 may emit light from both sides thereof and may emit specific coloredlight.

When the emissive device 30 is not operated, external light may passthrough the emissive device 30 to be transmitted or be reflectedaccording to whether or not the reflective device 70 is operated. Forexample, in a case where the reflective device 70 is an electrowettingdevice and the electrowetting device is operated, the external light maytransmit a colorless conducive fluid. As a result, the sub-pixel 300 mayappear white. Alternatively, in a case where the electrowetting deviceis not operated, the external light may be reflected by the colorednon-polar oil. Therefore, the sub-pixel 300 may appear the color of thecolored non-polar oil.

When the emissive device 30 is operated, a portion of light among thelight generated from the emissive device 30 may be emitted to theoutside, and another portion of the light may be incident on thereflective device 70. The another portion of the light incident on thereflective device 70 may be reflected or may be transmitted according towhether or not the reflective device 70 is operated. For example, in acase where the reflective device 70 is an electrowetting device and theelectrowetting device is not operated, the another portion of the lightmay be reflected by the colored non-polar oil to be configured todisplay the color of the non-polar oil. The luminous efficiency when theexternal light is incident or emitted by the driving of the reflectivedevice 70 may be highly dependent on the transmittance and reflectanceof the light in the emissive device 30. Therefore, color reproducibilityand light emission efficiency may be improved by using a material havinglow reflectance and high transmittance in the anode 32 and the cathode36 of the emissive device 30.

Experimental Examples Color Selection Reflector Fabrication

All thin films constituting a color selection reflector were prepared bya vacuum process. A titanium (Ti) film was deposited on a cleanedsilicon substrate to a thickness of 10 nm. The silicon substrate havingthe Ti film formed thereon was transferred using a load lock system, anda silver (Ag) film was then deposited on the Ti film to a thickness of200 nm. The Ti film may strengthen the adhesion between the siliconsubstrate and the Ag film. In order to deposit a silicon oxide (SiO₂)film as a dielectric material while the vacuum was continuouslymaintained, the silicon substrate having the Ag film formed thereon wastransferred to a plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition apparatus todeposit a silicon oxide film having a predetermined thickness. Atungsten film was deposited on the silicon oxide film by using asputtering apparatus. A center wavelength of the color selectionreflector was determined by a thickness of a cavity formed between theAg film and the tungsten film. For example, the silicon oxide film wasformed to a thickness of 200 nm in order to form a red color selectionreflector. The silicon oxide film was formed to a thickness of 340 nm inorder to form a green color selection reflector. The silicon oxide filmwas formed to a thickness of 315 nm in order to form a blue colorselection reflector. Finally, a silicon oxide film was deposited on thetungsten film to a thickness of 10 nm in order to provide insulation tothe color selection reflector.

A center wavelength of the red color selection reflector was 662 nm, acenter wavelength of the green color selection reflector was 536 nm, anda center wavelength of the blue color selection reflector was 476 nm.The reflectors exhibited a reflectance of 80% or more.

Fabrication of Dual-Emission Mode Organic Light-Emitting Device Sample

1. Fabrication of Sample Composed of Glass Substrate/Tin-Doped IndiumOxide Film (70 nm)/Hole Injection Layer/Hole Transport Layer/EmissionLayer/Electron Transport Layer/Electron Injection Layer

A 70 nm thick tin-doped indium oxide film (ITO) was deposited on acleaned glass substrate by using a sputtering apparatus. A holeinjection layer, a hole transport layer, an emission layer, an electrontransport layer, and an electron injection layer were sequentiallydeposited on the glass substrate having the ITO film formed thereon byusing a thermal evaporator. The hole injection layer, hole transportlayer, emission layer, electron transport layer, and electron injectionlayer may be defined as an organic part. A thickness of the organic partwas differently designed and fabricated in order to match centerwavelengths of a reflective device and an emissive device.

2. Fabrication of Dual-Emission Mode Organic Light-Emitting Diode HavingSilver Cathode

An about 15 nm thick silver cathode was formed on the electron injectionlayer using a thermal evaporator. The organic part of a red organiclight-emitting device was formed to have a thickness of 280 nm, theorganic part of a green organic light-emitting device was formed to havea thickness of 220 nm, and the organic part of a blue organiclight-emitting device was formed to have a thickness of 180 nm.

3. Preparation of Graphene Cathode Sample

Graphene having nickel and silicon substrate stacked thereon was adheredconformal contact to a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film coated witha silicon release film. Thereafter, the nickel was etched for about 30minutes by dipping the product thus prepared in a 10% iron (III)chloride (FeCl₃) aqueous solution. When the nickel was etched, thegraphene was separated from the silicon substrate, and the graphene wasformed by being stacked on the silicon release film. The silicon releasefilm was sequentially washed with a dilute hydrochloric acid solution, asodium borohydride (NaBH₄) aqueous solution, and distilled water, anddried in a vacuum drier at about 60° C. for about 1 hour. After thedrying was completed, an elastomer was in conformal contact with thesilicon release film to complete the silicon release film and thegraphene which were sequentially stacked on the elastomer.

4. Fabrication of Dual-Emission Mode Organic Light-Emitting DeviceHaving Graphene Cathode

Referring to FIG. 6, the graphene cathode sample was in contact with theorganic part of the organic light-emitting device sample in order forthe graphene surface to be in contact therewith, and was transferredinto a laminating chamber. The transferred organic light-emitting diodesample and the graphene cathode sample were laminated at 80° C. forabout 10 minutes. The graphene was separated from the silicon releasefilm by a physical force after 10 minutes to fabricate an organiclight-emitting device having the graphene cathode stacked thereon.

5. Fabrication of Dual-Mode Display Including Color Election Reflectorand Emissive Device

-   -   Structure of Red Dual-Mode Display having Silver Cathode: a        titanium film (10 nm), a silver film (200 nm), a silicon oxide        film (200 nm), a tungsten film (8 nm), a silicon oxide film (10        nm), an ITO film (70 nm), an organic part (280 nm), and a silver        film (15 nm), which were sequentially stacked on a silicon        substrate, were included.    -   Structure of Green Dual-Mode Display having Silver Cathode: a        titanium film (10 nm), a silver film (200 nm), a silicon oxide        film (340 nm), a tungsten film (8 nm), a silicon oxide film (10        nm), an ITO film (70 nm), an organic part (220 nm), and a silver        film (15 nm), which were sequentially stacked on a silicon        substrate, were included.    -   Structure of Blue Dual-Mode Display having Silver Cathode: a        titanium film (10 nm), a silver film (200 nm), a silicon oxide        film (315 nm), a tungsten film (8 nm), a silicon oxide film (10        nm), an ITO film (70 nm), an organic part (180 nm), and a silver        film (15 nm), which were sequentially stacked on a silicon        substrate, were included.    -   Structure of Red Dual-Mode Display having Graphene Cathode: a        titanium film (10 nm), a silver film (200 nm), a silicon oxide        film (200 nm), a tungsten film (8 nm), a silicon oxide film (10        nm), an ITO film (70 nm), an organic part (240 nm), and a        graphene film, which were sequentially stacked on a silicon        substrate, were included.    -   Structure of Green Dual-Mode Display having Graphene Cathode: a        titanium film (10 nm), a silver film (200 nm), a silicon oxide        film (340 nm), a tungsten film (8 nm), a silicon oxide film (10        nm), an ITO film (70 nm), an organic part (170 nm), and a        graphene film, which were sequentially stacked on a silicon        substrate, were included.    -   Structure of Blue Dual-Mode Display having Graphene Cathode: a        titanium film (10 nm), a silver film (200 nm), a silicon oxide        film (315 nm), a tungsten film (8 nm), a silicon oxide film (10        nm), an ITO film (70 nm), an organic part (180 nm), and a        graphene film, which were sequentially stacked on a silicon        substrate, were included.

FIG. 7 is a graph illustrating transmittance spectra of an organiclight-emitting device having a silver cathode and an organiclight-emitting device having a graphene cathode in a visible lightregion according to an embodiment of the present invention.

A and C respectively represent the results of the simulation of theorganic light-emitting devices having a silver cathode and a graphenecathode, and B and D respectively represent the results of themeasurement of the organic light-emitting devices having a silvercathode and a graphene cathode.

Referring to FIG. 7, the organic light-emitting device having a silvercathode exhibited a transmittance of about 40% to about 80% in a visiblelight wavelength range. That is, since the transmittance was non-uniformaccording to the wavelength, it may be estimated that light with variouswavelengths may not transmit the silver cathode. In contrast, theorganic light-emitting device having a graphene cathode exhibited atransmittance of about 60% to about 70% in a visible light wavelengthrange. In general, it may be estimated that the graphene cathode had auniform transmittance according to the wavelength in comparison to thesilver cathode, and thus, the light with various wavelengths mayuniformly transmit the graphene cathode. As a result, it may beunderstood that the organic light-emitting device having a graphenecathode had high-transmittance optical properties and uniformtransmittance in comparison to the organic light-emitting device havinga silver cathode.

FIG. 8 is a graph illustrating reflectance spectra of an organiclight-emitting device having a silver cathode and an organiclight-emitting device having a graphene cathode in a visible lightregion according to an embodiment of the present invention.

A and C respectively represent the results of the simulation of theorganic light-emitting devices having a silver cathode and a graphenecathode, and B and D respectively represent the results of themeasurement of the organic light-emitting devices having a silvercathode and a graphene cathode.

Referring to FIG. 8, the organic light-emitting device having a silvercathode exhibited a reflectance of about 30% to about 90% in a visiblelight wavelength range. That is, it may be estimated that thereflectance was non-uniform according to the wavelength and since thereflectance was increased as the wavelength increased, desired light maynot transmit. In contrast, the organic light-emitting device having agraphene cathode exhibited a reflectance of about 20% or less over anentire visible light wavelength range and the reflectance was uniformover the entire wavelength range. As a result, it may be understood thatthe organic light-emitting device having a graphene cathode hadlow-reflectance optical properties and uniform reflectance in comparisonto the organic light-emitting device having a silver cathode.

FIG. 9 is a graph illustrating reflectance spectra in a visible lightwavelength range of a dual-mode display which includes a reflectivedevice and an emissive device including a silver cathode that is stackedon the reflective device according to an embodiment of the presentinvention.

A represents a blue reflectance spectrum, B represents a greenreflectance spectrum, and C represents a red reflectance spectrum.

Referring to FIG. 9, it may be understood that high non-uniform noisepeaks were generated in the blue, green, and red reflectance spectra. Inaddition, it may be understood that center wavelengths of thethree-color reflectance spectra were shifted to a red color. Thegeneration of the high noise peaks and the shift of the centerwavelengths occurred due to a multiple interference phenomenon generatedfrom multi cavities disposed between the anode formed of highlyreflective silver, tungsten, and tin-doped indium oxide, and the silvercathode, which constituted the red dual-mode display.

FIG. 10 is a graph illustrating reflectance spectra in a visible lightwavelength range of a dual-mode display which includes a reflectivedevice and an emissive device including a graphene cathode that isstacked on the reflective device according to an embodiment of thepresent invention.

D represents a blue reflectance spectrum, E represents a greenreflectance spectrum, and F represents a red reflectance spectrum.

Referring to FIG. 10, in the blue, green, and red reflectance spectra,it may be understood that the occurrence of noise peaks weresignificantly decreased in comparison to A, B, and C of FIG. 9, andcenter wavelengths of the three-color reflectance spectra were notshifted. That is, this may be resulted from the fact that the graphenecathode having low reflectance and high transmittance prevented themultiple interference phenomenon.

FIG. 11 is a graph illustrating a National Television StandardsCommittee (NTSC) color coordinate. FIG. 12 is a graph illustrating colorcoordinates of blue, green, and red dual-mode displays including areflective device and an emissive device including a silver cathode thatis stacked on the reflective device. FIG. 13 is a graph illustratingcolor coordinates of blue, green, and red dual-mode displays including areflective device and an emissive device including a graphene cathodethat is stacked on the reflective device according to an embodiment ofthe present invention.

Table 1 represents color reproducibility of the dual-mode displayincluding a graphene cathode according to an example and colorreproducibility of the dual-mode display including a silver cathodeaccording to a comparative example. Referring to Table 1 simultaneouslywith FIGS. 11 to 13, the color reproducibility was obtained by dividinga color reproduction range (area of triangle connecting three primarycolors) in color coordinate graphs by a color reproduction range of NTSC(area of triangle formed by NTSC three primary colors, 0.1582). Whencomparing FIG. 11 with FIG. 12, it may be confirmed that an area of thetriangle of the color coordinate of the dual-mode display including agraphene cathode was wider than an area of the triangle of the colorcoordinate of the dual-mode display including a silver cathode.Numerically, it may be confirmed that the color reproducibility of thedual-mode display including a graphene cathode was improved about 15times the color reproducibility of the dual-mode display including asilver cathode.

TABLE 1 NTSC Example Comparative Example X Y X Y X Y Red 0.67 0.330.41697 0.33026 0.33026 0.49301 Green 0.21 0.71 0.32488 0.41101 0.144010.19075 Blue 0.14 0.08 0.34106 0.31484 0.31484 0.2151 Colorreproducibility 35.51255 2.386144 with respect to NTSCS=0.5×abs{(Rx−Bx)×(Gy−By)−(Gx−Bx)×(Ry−By)  Equation 1Color Reproducibility=S/NTSC area(0.1582)  Equation 2

According to an embodiment of the present invention, a low reflectiveand high transmissive material is used in an anode and a cathode of anemissive device. The low reflective and high transmissive material maybe a carbon-based material including graphene sheets, graphene flakes,and graphene platelets, and a binary or ternary transparent conductiveoxide including indium oxide, tin oxide, and zinc oxide. Therefore,color reproducibility and luminous efficiency of a dual-mode display maybe improved.

While preferred embodiments of the present invention has beenparticularly shown and described with reference to the accompanyingdrawings, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the artthat various changes in form and details may be made therein withoutdeparting from the spirit and scope of the present invention as definedby the following claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A dual-mode display comprising: a substrate; anda plurality of sub-pixels on the substrate, wherein each sub-pixelcomprises: a color selection reflector; an optical shutter disposed onthe color selection reflector; and an emissive device disposed on theoptical shutter, wherein the emissive device comprises a cathode and ananode, and the cathode and the anode comprise a carbon-based materialincluding graphene sheets, graphene flakes, and graphene platelets, anda binary or ternary transparent conductive oxide including indium oxide,tin oxide, and zinc oxide.
 2. The dual-mode display of claim 1, whereinthe emissive device is an organic light-emitting device.
 3. Thedual-mode display of claim 1, wherein the color selection reflector is aFabry-Pérot optical filter, a photonic crystal optical filter, anabsorptive optical filter, or a transmissive optical filter including areflector.
 4. The dual-mode display of claim 1, wherein the opticalshutter is operated in an electrophoretic mode, an electrowetting mode,an electrochromic mode, or a liquid crystal mode.